nLab locally compact and sigma-compact spaces are paracompact

Contents

Context

Topology

topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)

see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory

Introduction

Basic concepts

Universal constructions

Extra stuff, structure, properties

Examples

Basic statements

Theorems

Analysis Theorems

topological homotopy theory

Contents

Statement

Lemma

Let XX be a topological space which is

  1. locally compact

    in the sense that for every open neighbourhood UU there exists a smaller open neighbourhood whose topological closure is compact and still contained in UU;

  2. sigma-compact.

Then there exists a countable open cover {U iX} i\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in \mathbb{N}} of XX such that for each iIi \in I

  1. the topological closure Cl(U i)Cl(U_i) is a compact subspace

  2. Cl(U i)U i+1Cl(U_i) \subset U_{i +1}.

Proof

By sigma-compactness of XX there exists a countable cover {K iX} i\{K_i \subset X\}_{i \in \mathbb{N}} of compact subspaces. We use these to construct the required cover by induction.

For i=0i = 0 set

U 0. U_0 \coloneqq \emptyset \,.

Then assume that for nn \in \mathbb{N} we have constructed a set {U iX} i{1,,n}\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in \{1, \cdots, n\}} with the required properties.

In particular this implies that

Q nCl(U n)K n1X Q_n \coloneqq Cl(U_n) \cup K_{n-1} \;\subset X

is a compact subspace. We now construct an open neighbourhood U n+1U_{n+1} of this union as follows:

Let {U xX} xQ n\{U_x \subset X\}_{x \in Q_n} be a set of open neighbourhood around each of the points in Q nQ_n. By local compactness of XX, for each xx there is a smaller open neighbourhood V xV_x with

{x}V xCl(V x)compactU x. \{x\} \subset V_x \subset \underset{\text{compact}}{\Cl(V_x)} \subset U_x \,.

So {V xX} xQ n\{V_x \subset X\}_{x \in Q_n} is still an open cover of Q nQ_n. By compactness of Q nQ_n, there exists a finite set J nQ nJ_n \subset Q_n such that {V xX} xJ n\{V_x \subset X\}_{x \in J_n} is a finite open cover. The union

U n+1xJV x U_{n + 1} \coloneqq \underset{x \in J}{\cup} V_x

is an open neighbourhood of Q nQ_n, hence in particular of Cl(U n)Cl(U_n). Moreover, since finite unions of compact spaces are compact (this prop.) and since the closure of a finite union is the union of the closures (this prop.), the closure of U n+1U_{n+1} is compact:

Cl(U n+1) =Cl(xJ nV x) =xJ nCl(V x)compact. \begin{aligned} Cl(U_{n+1}) &= Cl\left( \underset{x\in J_n}{\cup} V_x \right) \\ & = \underset{x \in J_n}{\cup} \underset{\text{compact}}{Cl( V_x )} \end{aligned} \,.

This produces by induction a set {U iX} i\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in \mathbb{N}} with Cl(U i)Cl(U_i) compact and Cl(U i)U i+1Cl(U_i) \subset U_{i+1} for all ii \in \mathbb{N}. It remains to see that this is a cover. This follows since by construction each U i+1U_{i+1} is an open neighbourhood not just of Cl(U i)Cl(U_{i}) but in fact of Q iQ_i, hence in particular of K iK_i, and since the K iK_i form a cover:

iU iiK i=X. \underset{i \in \mathbb{N}}{\cup} U_i \supset \underset{i \in \mathbb{N}}{\cup} K_i = X \,.
Proposition

(locally compact and sigma-compact spaces are paracompact)

Let XX be a topological space which is

  1. locally compact;

  2. sigma-compact.

Then XX is also paracompact.

Proof

Let {U iX} iI\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} be an open cover of XX. We need to show that this has a refinement by a locally finite cover.

By lemma there exists a countable open cover {V nX} n\{V_n \subset X\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} of XX such that for all nn \in \mathbb{N}

  1. Cl(V n)Cl(V_n) is compact;

  2. Cl(V n)V n+1Cl(V_n) \subset V_{n+1}.

Notice that the complement Cl(V n+1)V nCl(V_{n+1}) \setminus V_n is compact, since Cl(V n+1)Cl(V_{n+1}) is compact and V nV_n is open (by this lemma).

By this compactness, the cover {U iX} iI\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} regarded as a cover of the subspace Cl(V n+1)V nCl(V_{n+1})\setminus V_n has a finite subcover {U iX} iJ n\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in J_n} indexed by a finite set J nIJ_n \subset I, for each nn \in \mathbb{N}.

We consider the sets of intersections

𝒰 n{U i(V n+2Cl(V n1))}. \mathcal{U}_n \coloneqq \{ U_i \cap ( V_{n+2} \setminus Cl(V_{n-1}) ) \} \,.

Since V n+2Cl(V n1)V_{n+2} \setminus Cl(V_{n-1}) is open, and since Cl(V n+1)V n+2Cl(V_{n+1}) \subset V_{n+2} by construction, this is still an open cover of Cl(V n+1)V nCl(V_{n+1})\setminus V_n. We claim now that

𝒰n𝒰 n \mathcal{U} \coloneqq \underset{n\in \mathbb{N}}{\cup} \mathcal{U}_n

is a locally finite refinement of the original cover, as required:

  1. 𝒰\mathcal{U} is a refinement, since by construction each element in 𝒰 n\mathcal{U}_n is contained in one of the U iU_i;

  2. 𝒰\mathcal{U} is still a covering because by construction it covers Cl(V n+1)V nCl(V_{n+1}) \setminus V_n for all nn \in \mathbb{N}, and since by the nested nature of the cover {V nX} n\{V_n \subset X\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} also {Cl(V n+1)V n} n\{Cl(V_{n+1}) \setminus V_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} is a cover of XX.

  3. 𝒰\mathcal{U} is locally finite because each point xXx \in X has an open neighbourhood of the form V n+2Cl(V n1)V_{n+2} \setminus Cl(V_{n-1}) (since these also form an open cover, by the nestedness) and since by construction this has trivial intersection with 𝒰 n+3\mathcal{U}_{\geq n+3} and since all 𝒰 n\mathcal{U}_n are finite, so that also k<n+3𝒰 k\underset{k \lt n+3}{\cup} \mathcal{U}_k is finite.

References

Last revised on October 27, 2018 at 22:15:45. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.