topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
Let be a topological space which is
in the sense that for every open neighbourhood there exists a smaller open neighbourhood whose topological closure is compact and still contained in ;
Then there exists a countable open cover of such that for each
the topological closure is a compact subspace
.
By sigma-compactness of there exists a countable cover of compact subspaces. We use these to construct the required cover by induction.
For set
Then assume that for we have constructed a set with the required properties.
In particular this implies that
is a compact subspace. We now construct an open neighbourhood of this union as follows:
Let be a set of open neighbourhood around each of the points in . By local compactness of , for each there is a smaller open neighbourhood with
So is still an open cover of . By compactness of , there exists a finite set such that is a finite open cover. The union
is an open neighbourhood of , hence in particular of . Moreover, since finite unions of compact spaces are compact (this prop.) and since the closure of a finite union is the union of the closures (this prop.), the closure of is compact:
This produces by induction a set with compact and for all . It remains to see that this is a cover. This follows since by construction each is an open neighbourhood not just of but in fact of , hence in particular of , and since the form a cover:
(locally compact and sigma-compact spaces are paracompact)
Let be a topological space which is
Then is also paracompact.
Let be an open cover of . We need to show that this has a refinement by a locally finite cover.
By lemma there exists a countable open cover of such that for all
is compact;
.
Notice that the complement is compact, since is compact and is open (by this lemma).
By this compactness, the cover regarded as a cover of the subspace has a finite subcover indexed by a finite set , for each .
We consider the sets of intersections
Since is open, and since by construction, this is still an open cover of . We claim now that
is a locally finite refinement of the original cover, as required:
is a refinement, since by construction each element in is contained in one of the ;
is still a covering because by construction it covers for all , and since by the nested nature of the cover also is a cover of .
is locally finite because each point has an open neighbourhood of the form (since these also form an open cover, by the nestedness) and since by construction this has trivial intersection with and since all are finite, so that also is finite.
Last revised on October 27, 2018 at 22:15:45. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.